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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1613 |
| | | The British East India establishes a 'factory' (a secure warehouse for the storing of Indian goods) at Surat, on the west coast | |
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| 1744 |
| | | Muhammad ibn Saud begins the expansion of power that will lead eventually to the establishment of Saudi Arabia | |
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| 1744 |
| | | The Muslim reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab makes an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud, of significance to the later Saudi dynasty | |
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| 1774 |
| | | In the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, ending the recent Russo-Turkish war, the Ottoman empire cedes the Crimea to Russia | |
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| 1774 |
| | | The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control | |
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| 1798 |
| | | The British acquire a foothold in the Persian Gulf by making Oman a protectorate | |
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| 1799 |
| | | Napoleon, in Syria, orders 3000 captured defenders of Jaffa to be killed by bayonet or drowning to save ammunition | |
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